DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE 8311-CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LABORATORY
III SEMESTER - R 2017
LABORATORY MANUAL
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VISION
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.
MISSION
- To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
- To contribute to the promotion of academic excellence in pursuit of technical education at different levels
- To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart and soul
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
VISION
The department of civil engineering is committed to the relentless pursuit of innovation in training budding engineers to compete globally in the field of civil engineering and to establish a unique identity for the development of high quality human and knowledge resource in diverse areas of technology and management.
MISSION
- The department of civil engineering strives to provide strong theoretical foundation complemented with extensive practical training
- To inculcate value-based, socially committed professionalism to the cause of overall development of student and society.
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PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering, enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Civil Engineering technologies so that they apply their knowledge and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theories and practice this enables them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career
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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POS)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Civil Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of Civil engineering structures
d) To identify, formulate and solve Civil engineering problems
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e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multi-disciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Civil Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility.
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
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j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams
CE8311-CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LABORATORY
1. To learn the principles and procedures of testing Concrete and Highway materials and to get hands on experience by conducting the tests and evolving inferences.
List of Experiments
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I. Test on Fine Aggregates
- Grading of fine aggregates
- Test for specific gravity and test for bulk density
- Compacted and loose bulk density of fine aggregate
II. Test on Coarse Aggregate
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- Determination of impact value of coarse aggregate
- Determination of elongation index
- Determination of flakiness index
- Determination of aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregate
III. Test on concrete
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- Test for Slump
- Test for Compaction factor
- Test for Compressive strength - Cube & Cylinder
- Test for Flexural strength
IV. Test on Bricks and Blocks
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- Test for compressive strength of bricks and blocks
- Test for Water absorption of bricks and blocks
- Determination of Efflorescence of bricks
- Test on tiles
COURSE OUTCOMES
1. The students will have the required knowledge in the area of testing of construction materials and components of construction elements experimentally.
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CONTENTS
| Sl.No. | LIST OF EXPERIMENT | Page No. |
|---|---|---|
| CYCLE 1-EXPERIMENTS | ||
| 1. | Grading of fine aggregates | |
| 2. | Test for specific gravity and test for bulk density | |
| 3. | Compacted and loose bulk density of fine aggregate | |
| 4. | Determination of impact value of coarse aggregate | |
| 5. | Determination of elongation index | |
| 6. | Determination of flakiness index | |
| CYCLE 2 – EXPERIMENTS | ||
| 7 | Determination of aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregate | |
| 8 | Test for Slump | |
| 9 | Test for Compaction factor | |
| 10 | Test for Compressive strength - Cube & Cylinder | |
| 11 | Test for Flexural strength | |
| 12 | Test for compressive strength of bricks and blocks | |
| 13 | Test for Water absorption of bricks and blocks | |
| 14 | Determination of Efflorescence of bricks | |
| 15 | Test on tiles | |
Expt. No.01 DETERMINATION OF FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE
Aim:
To determine fineness modulus of fine aggregate and classifications based on IS: 383- 1970.
Apparatus Required:
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- Test Sieves conforming to IS: 460-1962.
- Specification of 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300micron, 150 micron.
- Weigh Balance
- Gauging Trowel
- Stop Watch
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Procedure:
- The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving.
- The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest.
- Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure.
- Lumps of fine material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
- Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron and 75-micron IS Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and blinding of apertures.
- On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.
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Observation and Calculation
Weight of empty tray = kg
Weight of tray + fine aggregate = kg
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Weight of fine aggregate = kg
| I S Sieve | Weight Retained on Sieve | Percentage of Weight Retained (%) | Percentage of Weight Passing (%) | Cumulative Percentage of Passing (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.75 mm | ||||
| 2.36 mm | ||||
| 1.18 mm | ||||
| 600 micron | ||||
| 300 micron | ||||
| Total |
Fineness modulus = OF/100
Result:
The fineness modulus of fine aggregate is ___________
Outcome:
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At the end of the experiment, student acquires knowledge in the determination of the fineness modulus of given aggregate.
Viva - voce
- Fine Aggregates should pass through which IS sieve?
- How many types of fine aggregates are there based on source?
- What is the fineness modulus value of fine sand?
- Which of the materials can be used as fine aggregates?
- What is the specific gravity for sand?
- In the ratio 1:4:8, which number indicates quantity of fine aggregates?
- Which size coarse aggregate is ideal for use in concrete mix?
- Which of the following sand type is excellent for use in mortar and concrete work?
- What is sand composed of?
- Which IS code gives the grading of sand?
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Applications
- To calculate the fineness of sand which is used in the construction fields.
- Used for calculation of Mix design of concrete for construction.
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Expt. No.02 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITYOF FINE AGGREGATE
Aim:
To determine specific gravity of fine aggregate
Apparatus Required:
- Pycnometer (either a Pycnometer jar with conical top or a stoppered bottle having a capacity of at least 50ml)
- 4.75mm sieve
- Weighing balance
- Oven
- Glass rod
- Distilled water
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Theory:
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Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of soil solids at a given temperature to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature, both weights being taken in air. The Indian Standard specifies 27oC as the standard temperature for reporting the specific gravity.
Procedure:
- Clean and dry the Pycnometer
- Weigh the empty Pycnometer with its cap (W1)
- Take about 200gmof oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve into the Pycnometer and weigh again (W2)
- Add sufficient de-aired water to cover the soil and screw on the cap
- Shake the Pycnometer well and remove entrapped air if any
- Fill the Pycnometer with water completely
- Dry the Pycnometer from outside and weigh it (W3)
- Clean the Pycnometer by washing thoroughly
- Fill the cleaned Pycnometer completely with water up to its top with cap screw on
- Weigh the Pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4)
- Repeat the procedure for three samples and obtain the average value of specific gravity.
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Observation and Calculation
Calculate the specific gravity of the soil, as follows,
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Specific gravity = Gs = (W2-W1) / (W4-W1)(W3-W2)
Where,
Weight of empty Pyconometer, W1 =
Weight of Pyconometer + soil sample, W2 =
Weight of Pyconometer + soil sample + water, W3 =
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Weight of Pyconometer + water, W4 =
Result:
The specific gravity of the test sample =
Outcome:
Gained knowledge related to various properties of soil (Specific gravity).
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Viva - voce
- What is soil mechanics?
- What are main types of soils?
- What is empirical correlation between PSD and permeability?
- What is meant by degree of saturation?
- What are the principles of direct shear test?
- What is the effect of pore pressure on shear strength of soil?
- How will you find the shear strength of cohesion less soil?
- What are the types of shear tests based on drainage?
- What is meant by shear strength and failure envelope?
- What are the shear strength parameters?
- What is cohesion and stress path?
- What is angle of internal friction?
- What are the various methods of determination of shear strength in the laboratory?
- What is the differential equation of deflection of a bent beam?
- What are the disadvantages of direct shear test?
- What are the types of tri-axial test based on drainage conditions?
- What is meant by plastic index, saturated mass density?
- Distinguish between relative density, relative compaction.
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Application
- To calculate the weight properties of soil like void ratio, degree of saturation and density properties.
- Used for calculation of Mix design of concrete for construction.
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Expt. No.03 DETERMINATION OF COMPACTED AND LOOSE BULK DENSITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
Aim:
To determine compacted and loose bulk density of fine aggregate
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Apparatus Required:
- Weighing balance
- Cylindrical metal measure
- Tamping rod
Procedure for Compacted Bulk Density
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- Measure the volume of the cylindrical metal measure by pouring water into the metal measure and record the volume "V" in litre.
- Fill the cylindrical metal measure about one-third full with thoroughly mixed aggregate and tamp it 25 times using tamping bar.
- Add another layer of one-third volume of aggregate in the metal measure and give another 25 strokes of tamping bar.
- Finally fill aggregate in the metal measure to over-flowing and tamp it 25 times.
- Remove the surplus aggregate using the tamping rod as a straightedge.
- Determine the weight of the aggregate in the measure and record that weight “W” in kg.
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Procedure for Loose Bulk Density
- Measure the volume of the cylindrical metal measure by pouring water into the metal measure and record the volume "V" in litre.
- Fill the cylindrical measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop, the aggregate being discharged from a height not exceeding 5 cm above the top of the measure
- Level the top surface of the aggregate in the metal measure, with a straightedge or tamping bar.
- Determine the weight of the aggregate in the measure and record the weight “W” in kg.
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Observation and Calculation
Calculation for Compacted Bulk Density
Compacted unit weight or bulk density = W/V
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Where,
W = Weight of compacted aggregate in cylindrical metal measure, kg
V = Volume of cylindrical metal measure, litre
Calculation For Loose Bulk Density
Loose unit weight or bulk density = W/V
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Where,
W = Weight of loose aggregate in cylindrical metal measure, kg
V = Volume of cylindrical metal measure, litre
Result:
The compacted bulk density of the given sample =
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The compacted bulk density of the given sample =
Outcome:
Gained knowledge related to various properties of soil (Bulk density).
Viva - voce
- What is unconsolidated undrained condition?
- What is consolidated undrained condition?
- What is the main cause of slope failure?
- What are the factors affecting permeability tests?
- What is meant by effective stress?
- What is meant by angle of repose of soil?
- Explain coulomb's law.
- What are the merits and demerits of direct shear test?
- What are the different types of failure of a triaxcal compression test specimen?
- What do you mean by stress-path?
- What is peak shear strength? West out the factors it depends on?
- What is Rohr's circle? What are the characteristics of Rohr's circle?
- What are the type of triaxial test?
- What are the advantages of triaxial test?
- What is compaction of the soil?
- What is the Relationship between the Dry Density - Water Content?
- What is meant by voids line?
- How to differentiate finite slope and infinite slope?
- How do u explain factor of safety of an infinite slope in case of cohesion less soil?
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Applications
- It is used to find out the densities of soils at various field condition.
- It is also used for determining moisture content of soil.
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Expt. No.04 DETERMINATION OF IMPACT VALUE OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Aim:
To determine the aggregate impact value of given aggregate
Apparatus Required:
- Impact testing machine: The machine consists of a metal base. A detachable cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 10.2 cm and depth 5 cm. A metal hammer of weight between 13.5 to 14 kg, 10 cm in diameter and 5 cm long. An arrangement for raising the hammer and allow it to fall freely between vertical guides from a height of 38 cm on the test sample in the cup
- A cylindrical metal measure having 7.5 cm and depth of 5 cm for measuring aggregates
- A tamping rod of circular cross section, 1 cm in diameter and 23 cm long, rounded at one end
- IS sieve of sizes 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 2.36mm
- Balance of capacity not less than 500 gm to weigh accurate up to 0.01 gm
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Procedure:
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- The test sample consists of aggregates passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve and dried in an oven for 4 hours at a temperature of 100° C to 110°C
- The aggregates are filled up to about 1/3 full in the cylindrical measure and tamped 25 times with rounded end of the tamping rod
- The rest of the cylindrical measure is filled by two layers and each layer being tamped 25 times
- The overflow of aggregates in cylindrically measure is cut off by tamping rod using its straightedge
- Then the entire aggregate sample in a measuring cylinder is weighted nearing to 0.01 gm
- The aggregates from the cylindrical measure are carefully transferred into the cup which is firmly fixed in position on the base plate of machine. Then it is tamped 25 times
- The hammer is raised until its lower face is 38 cm above the upper surface of aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely on the aggregates. The test sample is subjected to a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second. The crushed aggregate is then removed from the cup and the whole of it is sieved on 2.36mm sieve until no significant amount passes. The fraction passing the sieve is weighed accurate to 0.1gm
- Repeat the above steps with other fresh sample
- Let the original weight of the oven dry sample be w1 gm and the weight of fraction passing 2.36 mm IS sieve be w2gm. Then aggregate impact value is expressed as the % of fines formed in terms of the total
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weight of the sample.
Observation and Calculation
| Sl.No. | Details of Sample | Trail 1 | Trail 2 | Average |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Total Weight of aggregate sample filling the cylinder measure = W1 g | |||
| 2 | Weight of aggregate passing 2.36mm sieve after the test = W2 g | |||
| 3 | Weight of aggregate retained 2.36mm sieve after the test = W3 g | |||
| 4 | (W1-W2 +W3) | |||
| 5 | Aggregate Impact Value = (W2 / W1) * 100 Percent |
Result:
The mean aggregate impact value is %.
Outcome:
At the end of the experiment, student acquires knowledge in the determination of the aggregate impact value of given aggregate.
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Viva-voce
- What is impact load?
- What are materials used for impact test?
- What is aggregate?
- What are the tests conducted for aggregate?
- What is abrasion?
- What is sieve analysis?
- What is attrition?
- What is the different size of sieve available for aggregate test?
- What is specific gravity?
- What is void ratio?
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Application
- The purpose of an impact test is to determine the ability of the material to absorb energy during a collision.
- This energy may be used to determine the toughness, impact strength, fracture resistance, impact resistance or fracture resistance of the material depending on the test that was performed and the characteristic that is to be determined.
- These values are important for the selection of materials that will be used in applications that require the material to undergo very rapid loading processes such as in vehicular collisions.
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Expt. No. 05 SHAPE TEST (ELONGATION INDEX)
Aim:
To determine the Elongation index of the given aggregate sample
Apparatus Required:
- Length gauge
- IS sieve
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Procedure:
- The sample is sieved through IS Sieve specified in the table. A minimum of 200 aggregate pieces of each fraction is taken and weighed
- Each fraction is thus gauged individually for length in a length gauge. The gauge length is used should be those specified in the table for the appropriate material
- The pieces of aggregate from each fraction tested which could not pass through the specified gauge length with its long side are elongated particles and they are collected separately to find the total weight of aggregate retained on the length gauge from each fraction
- The total amount of elongated material retained by the length gauge is weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1% of the weight of the test sample
- The weight of each fraction of aggregate passing and retained on specified sieves sizes are found W1, W2, W3, and the total weight of sample determined =W1+ W2+W3+.. = W gm. Also the weights of the material from each fraction retained on the specified gauge length are found = x1, x2, x3...... and the total weight retained determined = x1+x2+x3+........= X gm
- The elongation index is the total weight of the material retained on the various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged
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Elongation index = (x1 + x2 + x3 + ...) / (W1 + W2 + W3 + ...) x 100
Observation and Calculation
| Size of aggregate | Length gauge | Weight of the fraction consisting of atleast 200 pieces in gm | Weight of aggregates in each fraction retained on length gauge gm | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passing through IS sieve mm | Retained on IS sieve mm | |||
| 63 | 50 | - | ||
| 50 | 40 | 81 | ||
| 40 | 25 | 58.50 | ||
| 31.5 | 25 | |||
| 25 | 20 | 40.5 | ||
| 20 | 16 | 32.4 | ||
| 16 | 12.5 | 25.6 | ||
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